Showing posts with label 1. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 1. Show all posts
Thursday, November 6, 2014
1 2 volts power supply
This switch mode power supply circuit require an input voltage range , between 4.5V to 16V,and will provide a very stable output voltage of 1.2 volt . The LTM4627 supports an output voltage range of 0.6V to 5V, set by a single external resistor , so you can modify the output voltage .
High switching frequency and a current mode architecture enable a very fast transient response to line and load changes without sacrificing stability.
1.2 volts power supply
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High switching frequency and a current mode architecture enable a very fast transient response to line and load changes without sacrificing stability.
Monday, October 20, 2014
1 1 Regulator Handles Two Input Voltages Circuit Diagram
Regulator Handles Two Input Voltages circuit in Fig 1 supplies both 3.3 and 5V to transitional circuits that employ both the new 3.3V and older 5V devices. Additionally, because the regulator accepts either 3.3 or 5V inputs, you could plug it into either a new 3.3V system or an old 5V system.The circuit consists of two sections: a dc/dc converter and a double-pole, double-throw (dpdt) switch. The dpdt switch comprises a pair of dual n-channel MOSFETs (Q2 and Q3) and their associated high-side drivers.
Upon power-up, the comparator in IC2 determines the state of the circuit. The comparator’s output, IC2 pin 6, goes to the input of the MOSFET driver, IC1. The driver internally generates a gatedrive voltage 8.8V above the device’s supply voltage. This high voltage drives the appropriate MOSFETs in Q2 and Q3.
IC2 is also the heart of a flying-capacitor, buck/boost dc/dc converter. Unlike other switching-regulator schemes, this topology needs no transformers. Transistor Q1 controls this section’s output voltage, VS. When VIN is at 5V, Q1 is off, forcing the section to operate as a step-down converter. In this mode, the section produces 3.3V, which goes to the output through Q3B. Also in this mode, 5V power goes directly through Q2A, and Q2B and Q3A are both off.
Upon power-up, the comparator in IC2 determines the state of the circuit. The comparator’s output, IC2 pin 6, goes to the input of the MOSFET driver, IC1. The driver internally generates a gatedrive voltage 8.8V above the device’s supply voltage. This high voltage drives the appropriate MOSFETs in Q2 and Q3.
IC2 is also the heart of a flying-capacitor, buck/boost dc/dc converter. Unlike other switching-regulator schemes, this topology needs no transformers. Transistor Q1 controls this section’s output voltage, VS. When VIN is at 5V, Q1 is off, forcing the section to operate as a step-down converter. In this mode, the section produces 3.3V, which goes to the output through Q3B. Also in this mode, 5V power goes directly through Q2A, and Q2B and Q3A are both off.
When VIN is 3.3V, IC1 turns on Q1, shorting out the 140-kΩ resistor and forcing the dc/dc-converter section into step-up mode. In this mode the converter section generates 5V at VS, powering the 5V output via Q2B. Also in this mode, 3.3V goes directly from the circuit’s input to the output via Q3A. Q2A and Q3B are both off.No-load quiescent current consumption is approximately 500 μA.
Lower-frequency converters would reduce power consumption at the expense of a larger inductor. The efficiency of the dc/dc-converter section is 73% in either mode. But because this power accounts for only half of the circuit’s output power, the circuit’s overall efficiency is approximately 80% with VIN=3.3V and 86% with VIN=5V.
Lower-frequency converters would reduce power consumption at the expense of a larger inductor. The efficiency of the dc/dc-converter section is 73% in either mode. But because this power accounts for only half of the circuit’s output power, the circuit’s overall efficiency is approximately 80% with VIN=3.3V and 86% with VIN=5V.
1 Watt LED em AC Circuit Diagram
The circuit 1Watt LED for AC LED uses a 1 Watt Luxeon LED white, its voltage is 3.6 volts and consumes 350 mA at maximum. It is important to note that this circuit can generate a lethal shock if handled carelessly. Most of the points are on the network, so that care should be taken when handling.
1 Watt LED em AC Circuit Diagram
Sunday, September 7, 2014
Electronic Wiring diagram Schematic symbols 1
electronic schema diagram symbols are mentioned here.There are lots of symbols Thoes symbols will be presented in the future.
Wednesday, September 3, 2014
1 Watt LED em AC Wiring diagram Schematic
The schema 1Watt LED for AC LED uses a 1 Watt Luxeon LED white, its voltage is 3.6 volts and consumes 350 mA at maximum. It is important to note that this schema can generate a lethal shock if handled carelessly. Most of the points are on the network, so that care should be taken when handling.
1 Watt LED em AC Circuit Diagram
Sunday, August 31, 2014
Making Home Theater 5 1 Surround Amplifier
Actually, 5.1 channel amplifier consists of 6 amplifiers 1 channel mono, which has certain specifications on each canals. Has 6 channel surround sound amplifier that consists of Front Left | Center | Front Right | Rear Left (Left Surround) | Rear Right (Right Surround) | and LFE (Subwoofer).
For clarity I give a simple illustration of the layout and the circuit for these speakers.
For clarity I give a simple illustration of the layout and the circuit for these speakers.
| 5.1 Speaker Setup |
Accoustic Field Generator
Acoustic Field Generator is generating acoustic sound with surround effects are adjustable with a standard Dolby Surround, able to produce surround sound is good enough but not too much need of funds. Technological developments as if not only focused on one area alone but on all fronts. The development of technologies that exist today one of them is in the field of audio. With more advanced audio technology today not only as mere entertainment but has become a hobby, hobby is not cheap of course. Many audio enthusiasts trying to make music sound that sounded to be very hard to make music sound as live, the addition of the amplifier, woofer or special speakers that cost is not cheap.
The sound effects are living seems to now is something that most do not have to exist in every good audio devices. This effect is basically a surround effect that can lead to sound as though coming from different directions and his voice can still be heard clearly. Currently Compo-tape tape that has been a lot of these facilities surround sound but not good enough when heard from a considerable distance because of the effects surroundnya missing. This is because the distance is too far listener and speaker, speaker layout is not quite right, or the effect of unfavorable surround.
Surround effects are nice and can be heard with a good surround system is a system that is in movie theaters and to make it not a bit prangkat needed funds. However, if satisfaction remains the number one then the fund is not a major problem. To find a middle ground between price and quality surround effects it was attempted to make the Acoustic Field Generator that can produce surround sound is good enough but not too much need of funds. Acoustic Field Generator is capable of generating acoustic sound with surround effects are adjustable with a standard Dolby Surround.
Accoustic Field Generator Construction
Basically an Acoustic Field Generator built from op-amp circuit and filters. Op-amps are usually used as a voltage amplifier in the Acoustic Field Generator is more widely used as active filters. The filter in the tool is very instrumental in creating an acoustic sound that is really clear, but in practice, almost all the filters, do not miss the precision of the signal with a specific frequency. An op-amp is good for this application is the op-amp which has a wide bandwidth, rise time, slew rate and fast setting timenya. In addition to op-amp and active filter, theres more important parts of the power supply. This is the part that is instrumental in creating excellence acoustic sound because of the bad power supply which is the only producer of noise, which will enter into a voice signal path so that should clear acoustic sound into an acoustic sound with the addition of reverberation (noise). The power supply used is the twin power supply + / - 18 volts DC. Part Acoustic Field Generators
Before we start doing this project, it helps us know in advance about the function of each speaker.
Front Channel
Channel Front is a forward channel input signal LR. LR signal is passed to an amplifier with gain = 1 so that this signal is passed without change / to filter the input signal LR. Front Left and Front Right, is a public speaker that we encountered in stereo amplifier, consisting of a woofer and tweeter. Woofers generally produce low tone sound with a frequency range ranging from 80Hz - 250Hz, while the tweeter produces a high tone with a frequency range between 15kHz - 20kHz. For projects that we will create, its good we use a good quality woofer, with a size of 10 inches and a type piezoelectric tweeter for each speaker fronts.
Channel Front is a forward channel input signal LR. LR signal is passed to an amplifier with gain = 1 so that this signal is passed without change / to filter the input signal LR. Front Left and Front Right, is a public speaker that we encountered in stereo amplifier, consisting of a woofer and tweeter. Woofers generally produce low tone sound with a frequency range ranging from 80Hz - 250Hz, while the tweeter produces a high tone with a frequency range between 15kHz - 20kHz. For projects that we will create, its good we use a good quality woofer, with a size of 10 inches and a type piezoelectric tweeter for each speaker fronts.
| Front Channel 5.1 Amplifier |
Center Channel
Center, the fullrange speakers, which produce sound with a frequency range between 80Hz - 10Khz. Output from the center speaker is a summation of left and right signal (left + right = center). In a movie or song Dolby Surround format, commonly used center for dialogue / vocal or speech of the actor / artist of a film and to produce a sound that moves ahead of us.
| Center Channel 5.1 Amplifier |
Rear Channel with Surround System
In this section is the core of this hard perangakat. These sections produce surround effects. To produce the surround effect is required special IC MN3005 / 8 and MN3101. Both these ICs will delay the incoming signal in several phases, so that the signal output from this phase will be left with a signal phase of the signal lain.Pada this section L and R are deducted (LR) and then passed in the buffer, filter LPF, delay line, filter LPF (7KHz) and the last is a splitter between the signals R and L. Circuit which causes the surround effect is 75KHz LPF circuit that produces its output fed to the Right Rear 75KHz LPF amplifier input while it diparalel with the Left Rear amplifier input so as to produce two signals L and R which is basically a LR signal a phase lag with the original signal phase.
Rear Left and Rear Right, also known as surround speakers. This speaker is generally a semi-midrange speaker (usually used on television or Mini Compo), commonly called satellite speakers. In a movie surround speakers are used to generate the audible sound of distant voices or sounds that move from the back of our approach. In a music surround speakers produce sound backing vocals and generally sounds like guitars, violins and trumpets sounded clear here.
| Rear Channel 5.1 Amplifier |
Subwoofer Channel
Part of this subwoofer is the summation of inputs L and R inputs to a summing amplifier. The output of the summing amplifier is passed to a class 2A LPF which will only pass signals with frequency rendah.Subwoofer, sometimes referred to as LFE (Low Frequency Effect). For these speakers using a subwoofer speaker. Speaker woofer speaker subwoofer is designed specifically to be able to respond to sound with a very low frequency, ranging from 15Hz - 120Hz. For low tone effect can be produced by either (without any harmonic frequency), then the acoustic box / box speakers are also designed specifically with a variety of methods (there are no visible speaker / inside the box, there are that use insulation / labyrinth, etc. ), so that the speaker is capable of compressing the air effectively, so that will feel the effect.
| Subwoofer Channel 5.1 Amplifier |
| Wiring Diagram Home Theater Amplifier / 5.1 Amplifier |
2 5A 1 25 To 25V Regulated Power Supply Wiring diagram Schematic
This power supply uses an LM317J adjustable regulator and an MJ2955 pass transistor. Ql and U2 as well as Ul should be heats inked. A suitable heat-sink would typically be 4` 4` 1` fins, extruded type, because up to 65 W dissipation can occur. R8 and R9 should be 1% types or selected from 5% film types with an accurate ohmmeter. Capacitors are disc ceramic except for those with polarity marked, which are electrolytic. D1, D2—1-A, 100-PIV rectifier diode. DS1—Red LED. F1 —1,5-A, 3AG fuse in chassis-mount holder. J1, J2—Standard five-way binding post, one red, one black. M1—Milli-ammeter, 0-1 mA dc. Q1—NPN power transistor MJ2955 (Radio Shack) or equiv device with a + 70-V, 10-A, 150-W rating in a -204 case. R1, R2, R7—5-W wire-wound resistor. See Notes 3 and 4 for source, or, use 17 inches of no. 28 enam wire, single-layer wound, on a 10-KOhmhm, 1-W carbon-composition resistor for R1 and R7. For R2, use 36 inches of no. 30 enam wire on a 10-KOhmhm, 1-W carbon composition resistor (scramble wound). R-4—Panel-mount, 5-kfi, 2-W or 5-W potentiometer, carbon or wire wound (See Note 8). R8, R9—See text. 51—SPST toggle switch. 52—DPDT toggle or rotary wafer switch. T1—25.2-V, 2.75-A power transformer (see text). U1—6-A, 200 PIV bridge rectifier with heat sink. See text. U2—LM317T +1.25- to 30-V, 1.5-A 7-220 regulator. Use an LM317HVK (T0-204 case) for dc output voltage greater than 40. See text.
2.5A-1.25 To 25V Regulated Power Supply Circuit Diagram
Sunday, August 24, 2014
Kicker WX10000 1 Warhorse
MSRP $9,999.99
With dimensions measuring 35 inches by 17 3/4 inches by 3 3/4 inches and a total weight of 66 pounds, the Warhorse is a monster of an amp. On the other hand, its about the same size as amps with much lower power output, say, around 3,000 watts. That raises the question of![]()
whether its efficient enough to actually make its claimed 10 kilowatts of power.
Before I get into it, lets look at what were working with. Kicker has rated this beast at 10,000 watts into a 2-ohm load, or 5,000 watts into a 4-ohm load. As far as the class, its not D, AB, or anything else you might be familiar with. In fact, the operation of this amp is so unique that Kicker has applied for a patent so they can classify it. Ill do my best to explain all that, but in the meantime study up on Class D operation and pulse width modulation as a reference point.
The amp has the usual features youd expect to find in a big subwoofer amp like 24dB/octave highpass and lowpass crossovers, 0 to 18dB of bass boost at 40Hz, and the absence of fuses. In addition, the Warhorse sports three ought-gauge power and three ought-gauge ground cable connectors, and two pairs of 8-gauge Anderson connectors for the speaker outputs. No, its not a stereo amp-strictly mono.
Eight indicator lights on the control panel reveal several conditions. PWR illuminates when the amp is on and working properly. NET shows that youre connected to the optional WXRC remote control, which offers expanded crossover slope selections in addition to being able to make![]()
adjustments from the driver seat. There are also LED indicators for over-voltage, under-voltage, overheated and short-circuit. The X-BNDW light tells you that you have set the lowpass crossover lower than the highpass crossover, while the Service light lets you know that you probably need to get the amp back to the Kicker service department or at least call the tech support line.
The unit looks like an oversized black briefcase with extruded fins running the length of each side. The top is an engraved black aluminum plate with a molded plastic hood over the entry for the power cables. The cast endcaps house the cooling fans and provide a very structural look to the whole unit. The power and ground-all six ought-gauge cables-come into the amp at almost the center of the top plate. All other connections and controls are hidden halfway along the nearside heat sink under a matching cover plate.
Circuitry
Looking under the cover, the first thing youll notice is the four planar transformers and the huge buss bars that run across the topside of the main circuit board. The transformers are about the size of your hand and resemble a stack of pancakes. The primary and secondary windings are stacked on top of each other rather than being several strands of wire intertwined. The turn ratio is 19 to 1, meaning there are literally 19 turns of flat wound copper for each secondary and one turn for each primary. The primary looks more like a big horseshoe-shaped PCB trace. Each planar transformer is rated at 5,000 watts for a total capacity of 20,000 watts.
The positive and negative power cables feed the transformers directly by way of the plated copper buss bars. The B+ power supply is stabilized by a total of 50 3,300F/105 C capacitors. That makes for a lot of instant juice on tap.
The entire backside of the heat sink is occupied by 64 MOSFETs, 16 for each of the four transformers. Normally, Id call these devices "switchers" to drive the transformers and create the positive and negative rails, but this is where we deviate substantially from every other amp. These MOSFETs do actually drive the transformers, but not at a steady rate to create a "reservoir" of output power. They actually drive the transformers directly to the speaker outputs in a pulse-width modulation fashion. This effectively eliminates the section of the amp that would normally be called the "output" section, and also eliminates the efficiency losses associated with output sections, whatever class they may be.
Lets look at the input section. The analog music signal from your head unit enters the amp by way of a pair of gold-plated RCA connectors, and goes pretty much straight to a Texas Instruments DSP chip. Theres plenty of support circuitry around the DSP. In fact, the input board is about 6 inches by 8 inches, but all of the processing goes on inside the chip. The gain, crossover, bass boost, and limiter controls are all single element potentiometers that feed reference signals to the DSP chip. In other words, they have no direct effect on the analog signal; they just tell the processor what you want it to do. Once the analog signal enters the DSP, theres no more analog signal until you get to the output filter at the speaker outputs. Because the crossovers and bass boost are handled in the digital domain, the curves are picture perfect and very precise.
Heres where things get even stranger. In a typical amp you have an input stage, a power supply stage, and an output stage where the first two stages work together to kick out the tunes. The![]()
power supply runs at a constant rate, creating a "reservoir" of power (called "rails") thats fed to the speakers through the output transistors as the input section commands. In the Warhorse, theres an input stage as usual, but the output and power supply stages are combined. Instead of creating a reservoir of power for the output stage to use, the DSP causes the power supply to actually create the output signal directly. Instead of running at a constant level, the power supplies are constantly going up and down (signal modulated) in response to the DSP to create the output voltage. There are no output transistors.
Test Results
Output power @ 1% THD, 50Hz, 14.4 volts
Mono @ 4 ohms 1 x 5,494 watts
Mono @ 2 ohms 1 x 10,350 watts
Output power @ 1% THD, 50Hz, 12.5 volts
Mono @ 4 ohms 1 x 4,050 watts
Mono @ 2 ohms 1 x 8,052 watts
Distortion at rated power, 50Hz, 14.4 volts 0.66% @ 2 ohms
Input sensitivity 165mV to 5.2 volts
Frequency response (+1dB) 25Hz - 170Hz
S/N ratio (A weighted, below clipping, min. gain) >82dB
Idle current 3.5 amps
Maximum current consumption, unclipped 801 amps @ 10,350 watts
Efficiency at one-third power, lowest impedance 88%
Efficiency at full power, 1%THD, lowest impedance 89.7%
Crossover slope 24dB/octave
Crossover range, lowpass 50Hz - 200Hz
Crossover range, highpass 20Hz - 60Hz
Low-frequency boost +18dB @ 40Hz
Dimensions 35"L x 17.75"W x 3.75"H
Weight 66.8 pounds
Read More..
With dimensions measuring 35 inches by 17 3/4 inches by 3 3/4 inches and a total weight of 66 pounds, the Warhorse is a monster of an amp. On the other hand, its about the same size as amps with much lower power output, say, around 3,000 watts. That raises the question of
Before I get into it, lets look at what were working with. Kicker has rated this beast at 10,000 watts into a 2-ohm load, or 5,000 watts into a 4-ohm load. As far as the class, its not D, AB, or anything else you might be familiar with. In fact, the operation of this amp is so unique that Kicker has applied for a patent so they can classify it. Ill do my best to explain all that, but in the meantime study up on Class D operation and pulse width modulation as a reference point.
The amp has the usual features youd expect to find in a big subwoofer amp like 24dB/octave highpass and lowpass crossovers, 0 to 18dB of bass boost at 40Hz, and the absence of fuses. In addition, the Warhorse sports three ought-gauge power and three ought-gauge ground cable connectors, and two pairs of 8-gauge Anderson connectors for the speaker outputs. No, its not a stereo amp-strictly mono.
Eight indicator lights on the control panel reveal several conditions. PWR illuminates when the amp is on and working properly. NET shows that youre connected to the optional WXRC remote control, which offers expanded crossover slope selections in addition to being able to make
The unit looks like an oversized black briefcase with extruded fins running the length of each side. The top is an engraved black aluminum plate with a molded plastic hood over the entry for the power cables. The cast endcaps house the cooling fans and provide a very structural look to the whole unit. The power and ground-all six ought-gauge cables-come into the amp at almost the center of the top plate. All other connections and controls are hidden halfway along the nearside heat sink under a matching cover plate.
Circuitry
Looking under the cover, the first thing youll notice is the four planar transformers and the huge buss bars that run across the topside of the main circuit board. The transformers are about the size of your hand and resemble a stack of pancakes. The primary and secondary windings are stacked on top of each other rather than being several strands of wire intertwined. The turn ratio is 19 to 1, meaning there are literally 19 turns of flat wound copper for each secondary and one turn for each primary. The primary looks more like a big horseshoe-shaped PCB trace. Each planar transformer is rated at 5,000 watts for a total capacity of 20,000 watts.
The positive and negative power cables feed the transformers directly by way of the plated copper buss bars. The B+ power supply is stabilized by a total of 50 3,300F/105 C capacitors. That makes for a lot of instant juice on tap.
The entire backside of the heat sink is occupied by 64 MOSFETs, 16 for each of the four transformers. Normally, Id call these devices "switchers" to drive the transformers and create the positive and negative rails, but this is where we deviate substantially from every other amp. These MOSFETs do actually drive the transformers, but not at a steady rate to create a "reservoir" of output power. They actually drive the transformers directly to the speaker outputs in a pulse-width modulation fashion. This effectively eliminates the section of the amp that would normally be called the "output" section, and also eliminates the efficiency losses associated with output sections, whatever class they may be.
Lets look at the input section. The analog music signal from your head unit enters the amp by way of a pair of gold-plated RCA connectors, and goes pretty much straight to a Texas Instruments DSP chip. Theres plenty of support circuitry around the DSP. In fact, the input board is about 6 inches by 8 inches, but all of the processing goes on inside the chip. The gain, crossover, bass boost, and limiter controls are all single element potentiometers that feed reference signals to the DSP chip. In other words, they have no direct effect on the analog signal; they just tell the processor what you want it to do. Once the analog signal enters the DSP, theres no more analog signal until you get to the output filter at the speaker outputs. Because the crossovers and bass boost are handled in the digital domain, the curves are picture perfect and very precise.
Heres where things get even stranger. In a typical amp you have an input stage, a power supply stage, and an output stage where the first two stages work together to kick out the tunes. The
Thats the conceptual picture, pretty much devoid of the details. At this point you may be thinking, "Thats too easy" or "Why hasnt this been done before?" While the concept is easy, the execution requires a fairly powerful DSP, as well as a fairly powerful brain trust to program the DSP. On this scale (remember this amp puts out 10,000 watts), it also requires the planar transformers with specific coupling and power characteristics.
The DSP is in complete control of the transformers, running a constant pulse of 24kHz. That doesnt mean the transformers are creating a large 24kHz output signal, but thats the clock speed for the pulse-width modulation. When a signal comes into the DSP, it sends off/on pulses to the transformer switchers of the appropriate duration to create both the frequency and the amplitude of the output. In a pulse width modulation format the length of the pulse will correspond to the output voltage level, and in this amp the length of the pulses will be limited to 1/24,000 of a second. A maximum pulse (100 percent) will result in maximum power output, while a half-length pulse (50 percent) results in half power. At idle, theres zero current going through the transformers, but its still happening at 24kHz.
This is where the amp is like a Class D amp. If the transformer is completely accurate (not possible, by the way) the output will consist of really large squared waves. In reality, the transformer will round these square pulses considerably, plus theres an output filter consisting of a coil and capacitor(s) to finish converting the squared pulses to nice round sine waves. The output filter coils in the Warhorse actually look just like large transformers that would be used in the power supply of a big Class AB amp.
So you now have output signal to feed your speakers, and it should resemble the analog input signal that came into the DSP to start with. The DSP takes feedback from the speaker outputs and makes real-time adjustments to the pulses to create a more accurate reproduction of the original signal, only lots bigger.
There are two separate sets of speaker outputs on the Warhorse, but theyre not parallel. You have to use both of them and you have to use them on a dual voice coil speaker, one output to each coil of the speaker. One set handles the positive side of the wave and the other handles the negative side. The + and - labels on the amp correspond to the labels on the speakers voice coil terminals. At full power this amp is making around 141 volts between 20Hz and 200Hz. Household AC is 120 volts at 60Hz. If you fed the amp with a 60Hz signal, you could probably use it as a backup generator for your house, so dont mess around with the speaker outputs when this amp is on.
Performance
The amp tested as advertised in all respects. The frequency response is exactly 20Hz to 200Hz at the -3dB points, though we used +0/-1dB for the test results. The crossovers and bass boost![]()
are exact as well, which is a direct result of the signal being handled in the digital domain by the DSP chip. Power at 14.4-volt input exceeded 10 kilowatts by 350 watts-the equivalent of a decent subwoofer amp. While 10,000 watts is pretty impressive, the fact that the WX10000.1 can deliver it with almost 90 percent efficiency is amazing. Class AB amps hover around 50 percent, so this amp can deliver almost twice the output power for any given power input. You can feed two of these amps for the price of one.
There was no indication on the scope of any turn-on or turn-off noise. Who needs a 10,000-watt turn-on pop?
Slew rate and damping factor have been omitted from this test due to the way the amp works and the importance of such specs for an amp of this size. Testing was complicated by the fact that the DSP is instantly responding to the output feedback. The compensation by the DSP resulted in a negative ratio for the damping factor. The precision of the DSP also resulted in a very low slew rate at the output, which corresponded very closely to the actual slope of a wave at 200Hz. In other words, we were only able to measure what the DSP was causing the amp to do, rather than what it might be capable of.
Manual
The owners manual is a pretty comprehensive affair. In fact, I suggest you read the manual before purchasing the amp, just to make sure youre equal to the commitment. The manual is where you learn about having to build an electrical substation to feed the beast. Yes, Im exaggerating but seriously, Kicker recommends no less than eight batteries of 800cca plus two alternators putting out 200 amps each. Thats in addition to the battery and alternator just to run the vehicle. As well, you have to run ought-gauge cable everywhere to boot.
Besides the electrical requirements, and the structural mounting bracket, the manual shows several wiring configurations, and explains the controls clearly. The warranty is three months (consumer installed) or two years when installed by an authorized dealer.
Conclusion
Kicker has managed to break new ground here, and do it in a big way. The Warhorse is![]()
expensive, but its intended for use in decibel machines and show systems. The retail dollars-to-watts ratio is a pretty high 97 cents, but using this amp will reduce the overall cost of batteries and alternators due to its high efficiency. Check out the Kicker Warhorse van making appearances around the country if you want to experience what this kind of power is all about.
The DSP is in complete control of the transformers, running a constant pulse of 24kHz. That doesnt mean the transformers are creating a large 24kHz output signal, but thats the clock speed for the pulse-width modulation. When a signal comes into the DSP, it sends off/on pulses to the transformer switchers of the appropriate duration to create both the frequency and the amplitude of the output. In a pulse width modulation format the length of the pulse will correspond to the output voltage level, and in this amp the length of the pulses will be limited to 1/24,000 of a second. A maximum pulse (100 percent) will result in maximum power output, while a half-length pulse (50 percent) results in half power. At idle, theres zero current going through the transformers, but its still happening at 24kHz.
This is where the amp is like a Class D amp. If the transformer is completely accurate (not possible, by the way) the output will consist of really large squared waves. In reality, the transformer will round these square pulses considerably, plus theres an output filter consisting of a coil and capacitor(s) to finish converting the squared pulses to nice round sine waves. The output filter coils in the Warhorse actually look just like large transformers that would be used in the power supply of a big Class AB amp.
So you now have output signal to feed your speakers, and it should resemble the analog input signal that came into the DSP to start with. The DSP takes feedback from the speaker outputs and makes real-time adjustments to the pulses to create a more accurate reproduction of the original signal, only lots bigger.
There are two separate sets of speaker outputs on the Warhorse, but theyre not parallel. You have to use both of them and you have to use them on a dual voice coil speaker, one output to each coil of the speaker. One set handles the positive side of the wave and the other handles the negative side. The + and - labels on the amp correspond to the labels on the speakers voice coil terminals. At full power this amp is making around 141 volts between 20Hz and 200Hz. Household AC is 120 volts at 60Hz. If you fed the amp with a 60Hz signal, you could probably use it as a backup generator for your house, so dont mess around with the speaker outputs when this amp is on.
Performance
The amp tested as advertised in all respects. The frequency response is exactly 20Hz to 200Hz at the -3dB points, though we used +0/-1dB for the test results. The crossovers and bass boost
There was no indication on the scope of any turn-on or turn-off noise. Who needs a 10,000-watt turn-on pop?
Slew rate and damping factor have been omitted from this test due to the way the amp works and the importance of such specs for an amp of this size. Testing was complicated by the fact that the DSP is instantly responding to the output feedback. The compensation by the DSP resulted in a negative ratio for the damping factor. The precision of the DSP also resulted in a very low slew rate at the output, which corresponded very closely to the actual slope of a wave at 200Hz. In other words, we were only able to measure what the DSP was causing the amp to do, rather than what it might be capable of.
Manual
The owners manual is a pretty comprehensive affair. In fact, I suggest you read the manual before purchasing the amp, just to make sure youre equal to the commitment. The manual is where you learn about having to build an electrical substation to feed the beast. Yes, Im exaggerating but seriously, Kicker recommends no less than eight batteries of 800cca plus two alternators putting out 200 amps each. Thats in addition to the battery and alternator just to run the vehicle. As well, you have to run ought-gauge cable everywhere to boot.
Besides the electrical requirements, and the structural mounting bracket, the manual shows several wiring configurations, and explains the controls clearly. The warranty is three months (consumer installed) or two years when installed by an authorized dealer.
Conclusion
Kicker has managed to break new ground here, and do it in a big way. The Warhorse is
Test Results
Output power @ 1% THD, 50Hz, 14.4 volts
Mono @ 4 ohms 1 x 5,494 watts
Mono @ 2 ohms 1 x 10,350 watts
Output power @ 1% THD, 50Hz, 12.5 volts
Mono @ 4 ohms 1 x 4,050 watts
Mono @ 2 ohms 1 x 8,052 watts
Distortion at rated power, 50Hz, 14.4 volts 0.66% @ 2 ohms
Input sensitivity 165mV to 5.2 volts
Frequency response (+1dB) 25Hz - 170Hz
S/N ratio (A weighted, below clipping, min. gain) >82dB
Idle current 3.5 amps
Maximum current consumption, unclipped 801 amps @ 10,350 watts
Efficiency at one-third power, lowest impedance 88%
Efficiency at full power, 1%THD, lowest impedance 89.7%
Crossover slope 24dB/octave
Crossover range, lowpass 50Hz - 200Hz
Crossover range, highpass 20Hz - 60Hz
Low-frequency boost +18dB @ 40Hz
Dimensions 35"L x 17.75"W x 3.75"H
Weight 66.8 pounds
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